William Wheeler

William Wheeler was an American politician and attorney who served as a U.S. Representative from New York and later as the 19th Vice President of the United States. A member of the Republican Party, Wheeler's congressional career spanned two distinct periods, from 1861 to 1863 and again from 1869 to 1877. He was known for his integrity and commitment to public service, which earned him respect among his peers. After his tenure in Congress, he was nominated as Vice President under President Rutherford B. Hayes, serving from 1877 to 1881.

Early life and career

William Almon Wheeler was born on June 30, 1819, in Malone, New York. He received his early education at Franklin Academy before attending the University of Vermont. Due to financial constraints, Wheeler left the university before completing his degree. However, he later received honorary degrees, including a Master of Arts from Dartmouth College in 1865 and a Doctor of Laws from both the University of Vermont in 1867 and Union College in 1877. In 1876, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Vermont, retroactively recognizing him as part of the class of 1842.

Wheeler began his legal career by studying law under Asa Hascall, a local attorney and politician. He was admitted to the bar in 1845 and began practicing law in Malone. His early career included serving as the District Attorney for Franklin County from 1846 to 1849. He was also active in local politics, serving as a member of the New York State Assembly for Franklin County in 1850 and 1851, and later as a member of the New York State Senate in 1858 and 1859.

In addition to his legal and political career, Wheeler was involved in various civic activities. He was the president of the Northern Railroad in New York and presided over the New York State Constitutional Convention from June 1867 to February 1868. During this convention, he advocated for civil rights and racial equality, emphasizing the importance of universal civil liberty for all individuals, regardless of race or socioeconomic status.

Wheeler's political career began in earnest when he was elected as a Republican to the 37th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1863. After a brief hiatus from Congress, he returned to serve in the 41st, 42nd, 43rd, and 44th Congresses from March 4, 1869, to March 3, 1877. His commitment to public service and his reputation for honesty were notable aspects of his career. He gained recognition for his principled stance against the Salary Grab Act of 1873, which he opposed and subsequently returned the salary increase to the Treasury Department.

House tenure

Wheeler's tenure in the U.S. House of Representatives was marked by significant involvement in various committees. He served as the chairman of the Committee on Pacific Railroads during the 42nd Congress, where he played a role in overseeing the development of rail infrastructure in the United States. In the 43rd Congress, he chaired the Committee on Commerce, further emphasizing his engagement with issues related to trade and transportation.

Throughout his congressional career, Wheeler was known for his integrity and commitment to ethical governance. He was respected by his colleagues for his ability to navigate the complex political landscape of the time without making many enemies. This reputation contributed to his later nomination as Vice President. His political acumen and dedication to public service were evident in his legislative efforts and his interactions with fellow lawmakers.

Wheeler's political career was also characterized by his involvement in significant national issues. He was a delegate to the 1876 Republican National Convention, where he played a role in the nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes for president. The convention was contentious, requiring multiple ballots before Hayes secured the nomination. Wheeler's support for Hayes and his ability to garner respect from his peers positioned him as a viable candidate for the vice presidency.

Legislative focus and committees

During his time in Congress, Wheeler focused on various legislative issues, particularly those related to infrastructure and commerce. His leadership roles in the Committee on Pacific Railroads and the Committee on Commerce allowed him to influence key policies that shaped the development of the nation during a period of significant growth and change. The expansion of railroads was particularly crucial for the economic development of the United States, facilitating trade and the movement of people across vast distances.

Wheeler's commitment to ethical governance was further highlighted by his refusal to accept a salary increase after the passage of the Salary Grab Act in 1873. His decision to return the increase to the Treasury demonstrated his dedication to maintaining the integrity of public office. This principled stance resonated with constituents and colleagues alike, reinforcing his reputation as a politician of high moral standards.

In addition to his legislative work, Wheeler was involved in addressing the political challenges of the Reconstruction era. He played a role in the Wheeler Compromise of 1875, which aimed to resolve tensions in Louisiana and ultimately contributed to the withdrawal of federal troops from the state. This compromise was part of the broader political landscape of the time, as the nation grappled with the implications of Reconstruction and the reintegration of Southern states into the Union.

Wheeler's tenure in Congress concluded on March 3, 1877, after serving five terms. Following his congressional career, he was nominated as Vice President alongside Rutherford B. Hayes, marking a significant transition in his political journey. Wheeler's legacy as a public servant is characterized by his commitment to integrity, civil rights, and the advancement of infrastructure, leaving an enduring impact on American politics and governance.